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Ancient India as described by Ptolemy

10/7/2020

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Ancient India as described by Ptolemy

By J.W.McCrindle

Published by Trubner & Co., London - 1885

Read Book Online:

http://bit.ly/PwDsUe

Download pdf Book:

https://bit.ly/30HwvsU

Biography:

Claudius Ptolemy (fl. AD 127-145) was an ancient geographer, astronomer, and mathematician. He is known today through translations and transcriptions of his work, but little is known about his life besides his residence in Alexandria.

Several of his works are still known today, although they have passed through several alterations and languages over the centuries. The Almagest, in thirteen books, discusses astronomy. It is in the Almagest that Ptolemy postulates his geocentric universe. His geometric ideas are contained in the Analemma, and his optical ideas were presented in five books known as the Optica.

His geographic and cartographic work was immensely influential. In the Planisphaerium, Ptolemy discusses the stereographic projection. Perhaps his best-known work is his Geographia, in eight books. However, Ptolemy’s ideas had been absent from western European intellectual history for roughly a thousand years, although Arab scholars interacted with his ideas from the ninth century onward.

In 1295, a Greek monk found a copy of Geographia in Constantinople; the emperor ordered a copy made and the Greek text began to circulate in eastern Europe. In 1393, a Byzantine diplomat brought a copy of the Geographia to Italy, where it was translated into Latin in 1406 and called the Cosmographia. The manuscript maps were first recorded in 1415. These manuscripts, of which there are over eighty extant today, are the descendants of Ptolemy’s work and a now-lost atlas consisting of a world map and 26 regional maps.

When Ptolemy’s work was re-introduced to Western scholarship, it proved radically influential for the understanding and appearance of maps. Ptolemy employs the concept of a graticule, uses latitude and longitude, and orients his maps to the north—concepts we take for granted today. The Geographia’s text is concerned with three main issues with regard to geography: the size and shape of the earth; map projection, i.e. how to represent the world’s curve proportionally on a plane surface; and the corruption of spatial data as it transfers from source to source. The text also contains instructions as to how to map the world on a globe or a plane surface, complete with the only set of geographic coordinates (8000 toponyms, 6400 with coordinates) to survive from the classical world.

The Earliest Obtainable Map of Southeast Asia, India, etc.
​
Important early map of the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia, first published in the 1478 Rome edition of Ptolemy's Geography, Claudii Ptholomei Alexandrini. Cosmographia..., created under the direction of Conrad Swenheym (who apprenticed with Guttenberg) and published after Swenheym's death (1477) by Arnold Buckinck.

The map illustrates one of the greatest of the Ptolemy errors, the belief that a southern continent existed, which counter-balanced the weight of the land-masses in the northern hemisphere, to keep the earth stable on its axis. The present map illustrates a portion of the landlocked Indian Ocean, including much of the Indian Ocean (Indicum Mare), as it had been mapped by Ptolemy.

Image and text credit:
Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.

Thanks to Rare Book Society!
​
https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org
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    Trishula  Sandra Das
    Mirror of the Sky Blog

     Coming soon  I will be giving Vedic Astrology, updates, teachings and remedial measures.

    Practitioner of Jyotish, Yoga Tantra, Ayurveda,  Shakti Sadhana, Bhakti Yogi
    ​for 40 years.

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    Trishula Musings:

    Jyotish also called Vedic Astrology, Indian Astrology,  is an ancient science and art of Light.

    Jyotish is the astrology of  Yoga, Tantra, Ayurveda, Sanskrit, Indian Culture and Indian Philosophy!

    If you cut the roots off the tree , the tree of Jyotish will die. This then is a Cultural Genocide.

    Jyotisha is the eyes of the Veda's, Upanishads, Puranas and Tantra's and Indian Culture.

    If one is a sincere student of  Yoga, and Tantra it is a must to practice Jyotisha.

    Yoga is not just about physical exercise, it is a deep study that takes many years of intellectual study before one teaches.

     From Various Authors
    and many by Yogi Ananda Saraswathi 

    You can read more at  https://www.facebook.com/yogi.anandasaraswathi

    Jyotisha is a holistic sacred healing system, it must be helpful to others.

    Jyotisha is a Tantra, the deep many lifetime study of karma, time and reincarnation.

    It is a  practical mystical tool and practice.

    Remedies are used to remove obstacles, to understand who we are in the universe.

    What will be our dharma, how we will make money, and enjoy this life which hopefully will lead to moksha or freedom, Vedic Astrology deals with all aspects of life including Health & Relationships.

    Jyotish was revealed to the Rishi's in order to set the  prisoners free not to hold them hostage to their karma's or enslave the individual to what is seen as malific in a chart.

    It was never meant to be fatalistic.  Yes we have fate and free will and there is a remedy for every problem, Grace of God or Goddess is the biggest remedy.

    There is always hope we always need to try and fight our way. 

    A Jyotishi is a guide a seer and points the way, a Jyotishi never traps anybody by giving a fatalistic negative reading making people feel hopeless and in despair.

    The earth is the place of suffering a Jyotishi's gift is to find a solution to bring light to the situation.

    Thus Jyotish is the science and art of Light.

    Jyotish is about understanding the bigger questions a Yogi or Yogini asks,?

    Why am I here??

    What is going on and what is next??

     How do I proceed?

    Jyotish is about understanding Purusha (consciousness) and Prakriti (phenomenal realm of matter) how it is all woven together?

    ​Jyotish is a Tantra a technique. 

    Jyotish is a sadhana it keeps the mind awake and aware and with the help of Lord Ganesha it helps us categorize life into a workable deeper understanding.

    Thus Ganesh is the Lord of Jyotish, Saraswati helps us understand and gives Wisdom. Dakshinamurti helps us put it all together. Then one would have an istata devata (favorite God or Goddess). Then worship of the 9 planets.

    ​Jyotish is a Path.

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